|
FOOTNOTES |
|
p.4 |
Napoleon III., 'Life of Cæsar.' |
|
p.15 |
Soult received but little education in his youth, and
learnt next to no geography until he became foreign minister of
France, when the study of this branch of knowledge is said to have
given him the greatest pleasure—'Œuvres, &c., d'Alexis de
Tocqueville. Par G. de Beaumont.' Paris, 1861. I. 52 |
|
p.25 |
'Œuvres et Correspondance inédite d'Alexis de
Tocqueville. Par Gustave de Beaumont.' I. 398. |
|
p.26 |
"I have seen," said he, "a hundred times in the
course of my life, a weak man exhibit genuine public virtue, because
supported by a wife who sustained him in his course, not so much by
advising him to such and such acts, as by exercising a strengthening
influence over the manner in which duty or even ambition was to be
regarded. Much oftener, however, it must be confessed, have I
seen private and domestic life gradually transform a man to whom
nature had given generosity, disinterestedness, and even some
capacity for greatness, into an ambitious, mean-spirited, vulgar,
and selfish creature who, in matters relating to his country, ended
by considering them only in so far as they rendered his own
particular condition more comfortable and easy."—'Œuvres de
Tocqueville.' II. 349. |
|
p.31 |
Since the original publication of this book, the
author has in another work, 'The
Lives of Boulton and Watt,' endeavoured to portray in greater
detail the character and achievements of these two remarkable men. |
|
p.43-1 |
The following entry, which occurs in the account of
monies disbursed by the burgesses of Sheffield in 1573 [?] is
supposed by some to refer to the inventor of the stocking
frame:—"Item gyven to Willm
Lee, a Poore scholler in Sheafeld, towards the settyng him to the
Universitie of Chambrydge, and buying him bookes and other furnyture
[which money was afterwards returned] xiii iiii [13s. 4d.]—Hunter,
'History of Hallamshire,' 141. |
|
p.43-2 |
'History of the Framework Knitters.' |
|
p.44 |
There are, however, other and different accounts.
One is to the effect that Lee set about studying the contrivance of
the stocking-loom for the purpose of lessening the labour of a young
country-girl to whom he was attached, whose occupation was knitting;
another, that being married and poor, his wife was under the
necessity of contributing to their joint support by knitting; and
that Lee, while watching the motion of his wife's fingers, conceived
the idea of imitating their movements by a machine. The latter
story seems to have been invented by Aaron Hill, Esq., in his
'Account of the Rise and Progress of the Beech Oil manufacture,'
London, 1715; but his statement is altogether unreliable. Thus
he makes Lee to have been a Fellow of a college at Oxford, from
which he was expelled for marrying an innkeeper's daughter; whilst
Lee neither studied at Oxford, nor married there, nor was a Fellow
of any college and he concludes by alleging that the result of his
invention was to "make Lee and his family happy;'' whereas the
invention brought him only a heritage of misery, and he died abroad
destitute. |
|
p.45 |
Blackner, 'History of Nottingham.' The author
adds, "We have information, handed down in direct succession from
father to son, that it was not till late in the seventeenth century
that one man could manage the working of a frame. The man who
was considered the workman employed a labourer, who stood behind the
frame to work the slur and pressing motions; but the application of
traddles and of the feet eventually rendered the labour
unnecessary." |
|
p.55 |
Ed.—the Jacquard loom was the first machine to
use punch cards to control a sequence of operations automatically,
in effect a "program". Although the loom did no computation
based on them, it is considered an important step in the history of
computing hardware. The ability to change the pattern of the
loom's weave by simply changing cards (i.e. to "re-program") was an
important conceptual precursor to the development of computer
programming. Specifically, Charles Babbage planned to use punched
cards to store programs in his Analytical engine and they were
adopted later by Herman Hollerith (1860-1929), who developed a
mechanical tabulator to tabulate statistics rapidly by processing
millions of data items encoded onto punched cards (the company
founded by Hollerith eventually became IBM). Punched cards
later became a common data input medium for computer systems,
surviving until into the 1980s. |
|
p.74 |
Palissy's own words are:—"Le bois m'ayant failli, je
fus contraint brusler les estapes (étaies) qui soustenoyent les
tailles de mon jardin, lesquelles estant bruslées, je fus contraint
brusler les tables et plancher de la maison, afin de faire fondre la
seconde composition. J'estois en une telle angoisse que je ne
sçaurois
dire: car j'estois tout tari et deseché à cause du labour et de la
chaleur du fourneau; il y avoit plus d'un mois que ma chemise
n'avoit seiché sur moy, encores pour me consoler on se moquoit de
moy, et mesme ceux qui me devoient secourir alloient crier par la
ville que je faisois brusler le plancher: et par tel moyen l'on me
faisoit perdre mon credit et m'estimoit-on estre fol. Les
autres disoient que je cherchois à faire la fausse monnoye, qui
estoit un mal qui me faisoit seicher sur les prods; et m'en allois
par les ruës tout baissé comme un homme honteux: . . . . personne ne
me secouroit: Mais au contraire ils se mocquoyent de moy, en disant:
Il luy appartient bien de mourir de faim, par ce qu'il delaisse son
mestier. Toutes ces nouvelles venoyent a mes aureilles quand
je passois par la rue."—'Œuvres Complètes de Palissy, Paris, 1844;'
De l'Art de Terre, p. 315. |
|
p.77 |
"Touter ces fautes m'ont cause un tel lasseur et
tristesse d'esprit, qu'auparavant que j'aye rendu mes émaux fusible
à un mesme degré de feu, j'ay cuidé entrer jusques à la porte du
sepulchre: aussi en me travaillant à tels affaires je me suis trouvé
l'espace de plus se dix ans si fort escoulé en ma personne, qu'il
n'y avoit aucune forme ny apparence de bosse aux bras ny aux jambes:
ains estoyent mes dites jambes touter d'une venue: de sorte que les
liens de quoy j'attachois mes bas de chausses estoyent, soudain que
je cheminois, sur les talons avec le residu de mes chausses."—Œuvres,
319-20. |
|
p.78 |
At the sale of Mr. Bernal's articles of vertu in
London a few years since, one of Palissy's small dishes, 12 inches
in diameter, with a lizard in the centre, sold for £162. |
|
p.79 |
Within the last few months, Mr. Charles Read, a
gentleman curious in matters of Protestant antiquarianism in France,
has discovered one of the ovens in which Palissy baked his chefs-d'œuvre.
Several moulds of faces, plants, animals, &c., were dug up in a good
state of preservation, bearing his well-known stamp. It is
situated under the gallery of the Louvre, in the Place du Carrousel. |
|
p.80-1 |
D'Aubigné, 'Histoire Universelle.' The
historian adds, "Voyez l'impudence de ce bilistre ! vows diriez
qu'il auroit lu ce vers de Sénèque: 'On ne peut contreindre celui
qui sail mourir: Qui mori scit, cogi nescit.'" |
|
p.80-2 |
The subject of Palissy's life and labours has been
ably and elaborately treated by Professor Morley in his well-known
work. In the above brief narrative we have for the most part
followed Palissy's own account of his experiments as given in his
'Art de Terre.' |
|
p.84 |
"Almighty God, the great Creator,
Has changed a goldmaker to a potter." |
|
p.85 |
The whole of the Chinese and Japanese porcelain was
formerly known as Indian porcelain—probably because it was first
brought by the Portuguese from India to Europe, after the discovery
of the Cape of Good Hope by Vasco da Gama. |
|
p.89 |
'Wedgwood: an Address delivered at Burslem, Oct.
26th, 1863.' By the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P. |
|
p.91 |
Ed.—(notes from the
Wikipedia entry).
"The Portland Vase is a Roman cameo glass vase, currently dated to
5-25AD. . . . The vase is about 25 centimetres high and 56 in
circumference. It is made of violet-blue glass, and surrounded
with a single continuous white glass cameo depicting seven figures
(humans and gods). . . . The 3rd Duke [of Portland] lent the vase to
Josiah Wedgwood, who had already had it described to him as "the
finest production of Art that has been brought to England and seems
to be the very apex of perfection to which you are endeavouring" by
the sculptor John Flaxman. Wedgwood devoted four years of
painstaking trials at duplicating the vase—not in glass but in
jasperware. He had problems with his copies ranging from
cracking and blistering (clearly visible on the example at the
Victoria and Albert Museum) to the reliefs 'lifting' during the
firing, and in 1786 he feared that he could never apply the Jasper
relief thinly enough to match the glass original's subtlety and
delicacy. He finally managed to perfect it in 1790, with the
issue of the "first-edition" of copies (with some of this edition,
including the V&A one, copying the cameo's delicacy by a combination
of undercutting and shading the reliefs in grey), and it marks his
last major achievement." |
|
p.92 |
Ed.—(this note is derived from the
Wikipedia entry).
John Flaxman (1755-1826): English sculptor and draughtsman. When he
was 19 years old Flaxman was employed by Josiah Wedgwood and his
partner Bentley, as a modeller of classic and domestic friezes,
plaques, ornamental vessels and medallion portraits and for 12 years
Flaxman lived chiefly by his work for the Wedgwood company. The
beauty of the product is undeniable. |
|
p.99 |
Ed.—(note in
Wikipedia): "In 1818, Carey mission founded Serampore College to
train indigenous ministers for the growing church and to provide
education in the arts and sciences to anyone regardless of caste or
country. The King of Denmark granted a royal charter in 1827
that made the college a degree-granting institution, the first in
Asia." |
|
p.115 |
It was characteristic of Mr. Hume, that, during his
professional voyages between England and India, he should diligently
apply his spare time to the study of navigation and seamanship; and
many years after, it proved of use to him in a remarkable manner.
In 1825, when on his passage from London to Leith by a sailing
smack, the vessel had scarcely cleared the mouth of the Thames when
a sudden storm came on, she was driven out of her course, and, in
the darkness of the night, she struck on the Goodwin Sands.
The captain, losing his presence of mind, seemed incapable of giving
coherent orders, and it is probable that the vessel would have
become a total wreck, had not one of the passengers suddenly taken
the command and directed the working of the ship, himself taking the
helm while the danger lasted. The vessel was saved, and the
stranger was Mr. Hume. |
|
p.121-1 |
Ed.—Captain (later Sir) Samuel Brown
(1776-1852) was an early pioneer of chain design and manufacture and
of suspension bridge design and construction. He is best known
for designing the Union Chain Bridge of 1820. The Bridge,
constructed at a cost of £7,700 for the Berwick and North Durham
Turnpike Trust, was opened on the 26th July 1820 and at that time
was the only bridge over the River Tweed between Berwick and
Coldstream. It was also the longest iron suspension bridge in
the world (the span between the towers is 437feet and the bridge
decking is 360feet), and the first in Great Britain to carry
vehicular traffic. Brown went on to build several further
chain bridges, including the Trinity Chain Pier in Newhaven,
Edinburgh (1820-21) and the Chain Pier at Brighton (opened in 1823
but destroyed in a storm in 1896). |
|
p.121-2 |
Ed.—Sir Marc Isambard Brunel, FRS (1769-1849)
was a French-born engineer who settled in the United Kingdom.
He preferred the name Isambard, but is generally known
to history as Marc to avoid confusion with his more
famous son Isambard Kingdom Brunel. His most famous
achievement was the construction of the Thames Tunnel (1842). |
|
p.122 |
Ed.—the first commercially successful
transatlantic telegraph cable (although not the first) was completed
in 1866; telegraph lines from Britain to India were connected in
1870; Australia was linked to the rest of the world via a cable at
Darwin in 1872; and the transpacific telegraph was completed in
1902, finally encircling the globe. |
|
p.124 |
Ed.—(note in
Wikipedia):
the expression "latent heat" refers to the amount of energy released
or absorbed by a chemical substance during a change of state that
occurs without changing its temperature, meaning a phase transition
such as the melting of ice or the boiling of water. The term
was introduced around 1750 by Joseph Black as derived from the Latin
latere, to 'lie hidden'. |
|
p.144 |
Ed.—(from note in
Wikipedia):
a model of the telescope (in the William Herschel museum in Bath)
with which Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781.
The secret of Herschel's success as an observer was the power and
magnification of his telescopes. This seven foot reflector was
particularly favoured. Its main mirror and the secondary
eyepiece on the side of the tube were made of speculum metal.
In his later career, Herschel discovered two moons of Saturn,
Mimas and Enceladus; as well as two moons of
Uranus, Titania and Oberon. On Feb. 11,
1800, while testing filters for the sun so that he could
observe sun spots, he discovered infrared radiation. |
|
p.149 |
'Saturday Review,' July 3rd, 1858. |
|
p.173 |
Mr. Grote's 'Memoir of the Life of Ary Scheffer,' p.
67. |
|
p.178 |
Ed.—(based on photographer's note): Ickworth
House is a country house outside Bury St. Edmunds. Built
between 1795 and 1812 by the eccentric 4th Earl of Bristol, the
house is surrounded by an Italianate garden and set in a
’Capability’ Brown park with woodland walks, deer enclosure,
vineyard, Georgian summer-house, church, canal and lake.
Frieze reliefs designed by the English sculptor John Flaxman
(1755-1826) encircle the Rotunda (pictured here), at both lower and
higher levels. The close-up view is of the lower-level frieze
on the south-facing side of the building, which depicts the Olympic
Games, Roman life and war, amongst other Homeric themes. |
|
p.181 |
Ed.—Chantrey's 'The Sleeping Children' (1817),
in Lichfield Cathedral, portrays two young sisters, Ellen-Jane and
Marianne, who died in tragic circumstances in 1812. |
|
p.201 |
While the sheets of this revised edition are passing
through the press, the announcement appears in the local papers of
the death of Mr. Jackson at the age of fifty. His last work,
completed shortly before his death, was a cantata, entitled 'The
Praise of Music.' The above particulars of his early life were
communicated by himself to the author several years since, while he
was still carrying on his business of a tallow-chandler at Masham.
Ed.—since
Smiles wrote about him, William
Jackson's name has rather faded, but the following (obtained mostly
from the Bradford Choral Society) throws more light on his part in
helping to form the North of England's fine choral tradition:
BRADFORD
FESTIVAL CHORAL
SOCIETY is
Bradford's largest choir and one of the North of England's longest
established choral societies with roots dating back to the first
Bradford Festival in 1853. With a current singing membership of
around 90 voices the choir performs all the major works in the
choral repertoire at St George's Concert Hall and other venues in
the Bradford area. The Society was founded as a direct result of the
opening of St George’s Hall in 1853. A massed choir of over 200
singers from far and wide was formed for the first Bradford Musical
Festival which took place that year. When the second festival took
place in 1856 another choir, consisting of rather more locally based
singers, was formed and at the end of the festival it was felt
wasteful to disband a group which had already gained such a high
reputation. A meeting was held on 17 November 1856 under the
chairmanship of Samuel Smith, the original instigator of the
construction of St George’s Hall, and Bradford Festival Choral
Society came into being with Mr Smith as its first President. The
conductor was William Jackson who had been the highly
successful trainer of the chorus for both festivals. He was
chorus-master at the Bradford festivals in 1853, 56 and 59. For the
festival of 56 he set the 103rd Psalm, and for that of 59 composed
'The Year,' a cantata, the words selected by himself from various
poets. He compiled and partly composed a set of psalm tunes, and
harmonised 'The Bradford Tune Book,' compiled by Samuel Smith.
Besides the works already mentioned, he composed a mass, a church
service, anthems, glees, part-songs and songs, and wrote a Manual of
Singing, which passed through many editions. His last work was a
cantata entitled 'The Praise of Music.'
The Choir sang and rehearsed at the Hall and soon gained the
nickname of the “Coffee and Bun Society” as refreshments were
provided for those members travelling from a distance. This
arrangement was also intended to discourage possible visits to
licensed premises before rehearsal! The choir settled down to a
regular routine of concerts in St George’s Hall, the equilibrium
only shattered by the sudden and much lamented death of its
conductor William Jackson in 1866. Such was the esteem in which he
was held that the Society undertook all the funeral arrangements and
was also responsible for the monument in Undercliffe Cemetery and
also the one in Masham – Jackson’s birthplace. Performances of
Jackson’s oratorio, 'The Deliverance of Israel from Babylon', were
given to raise money for these projects. |
|
p.216 |
Mansfield owed nothing to his noble relations, who
were poor and uninfluential. His success was the legitimate
and logical result of the means which he sedulously employed to
secure it. When a boy he rode up from Scotland to London on a
pony—taking two months to make the journey. After a course of
school and college, he entered upon the profession of the law, and
he closed a career of patient and ceaseless labour as Lord Chief
Justice of England—the functions of which he is universally admitted
to have performed with unsurpassed ability, justice, and honour. |
|
p.241 |
Ed.—In December 2009 descendants of Williams
travelled to Erromango to accept the apologies of descendants of the
cannibals in a ceremony of reconciliation. To mark the occasion,
Dillons Bay was renamed Williams Bay. For more information
please see the
B.B.C. News. |
|
p.257 |
Ed.—(note based on
Wikipedia):
Somersett's Case (R. v. Knowles, ex parte Somersett)
is a famous judgement of the English Court of King's Bench in 1772
which held that slavery was unlawful in England (although not
elsewhere in the British Empire). While Somersett's case
provided a boon to the abolitionist movement and ended the holding
of slaves within England, serfdom having died out there centuries
before, it did not end British participation in the slave trade or
slavery in other parts of the British Empire. It was not until
1807 that Parliament decided to suppress the slave trade, not only
outlawing the practice by British subjects but also seeking to
suppress the trade by foreigners through the sea power of the Royal
Navy. The Scottish case of Joseph Knight against his owner
John Wedderburn began in 1774, and at its conclusion in 1778, showed
that slavery had as little support in Scottish common law as in
English. Although the slave trade was suppressed, slavery
continued in various parts of the British Empire until it was
abolished by the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. |
|
p.258 |
Ed.—Smiles refers to Thomas Clarkson
(1760-1846), a leading campaigner against the slave trade in the
British Empire. He helped found Committee for the Abolition
of the Slave Trade and achieve passage of the Slave Trade Act of
1807, which ended British trade in slaves. |
|
p.263 |
On 'Thought and Action.' |
|
p.277 |
'Correspondance de Napoléon Ier.,' publiée
par ordre de l'Empereur Napoléon III. Paris. 1864. |
|
p.280 |
Ed.—(note based on
Wikipedia):
the Convention of Sintra was an agreement signed in 1808 during the
Peninsular War permitting the defeated French forces to be evacuated
from Portugal without further conflict.
The French under Junot had been defeated by an
Anglo-Portuguese force under Wellesley and found themselves almost
cut off from retreat. Wellesley wanted to fight on, but was
obliged signed
the preliminary Armistice under orders. He took no part in
negotiating the subsequent Convention and did not sign it.
In the U.K. the
Convention was seen as a disgrace; a
complete defeat of Junot had been transformed into a French escape. |
|
p.283 |
The recently published correspondence of Napoleon
with his brother Joseph, and the Memoirs of the Duke of Ragusa,
abundantly confirm this view. The Duke overthrew Napoleon's
generals by the superiority of his routine. He used to say
that, if he knew anything at all, he knew how to feed an army: |
|
p.313 |
His old gardener. Collingwood's favourite
amusement was gardening. Shortly after the battle of Trafalgar
a brother admiral called upon him, and, after searching for his
lordship all over the garden, he at last discovered him, with old
Scott, in the bottom of a deep trench which they were busily
employed in digging. |
|
p.317 |
Ed.—Hodson's Horse is a cavalry regiment which
originated as part of the British Indian Army. It was raised
by Brevet Major William Stephen Raikes Hodson during the Indian
Rebellion of 1857, and exists today as the 4th Horse Regiment in the
Indian Army. |
|
p.319 |
Article in the 'Times.' |
|
p.321 |
'Self-Development: an Address to Students,' by George
Ross, M.D., pp.1-20, reprinted from the 'Medical Circular.' This
address, to which we acknowledge our obligations, contains many
admirable thoughts on self-culture, is thoroughly healthy in its
tone, and well deserves republication in an enlarged form. |
|
p.329 |
'Saturday Review.' |
|
p.354 |
See the admirable and well-known book, 'The Pursuit
of Knowledge under Difficulties.' |
|
p.356-1 |
Late Professor of Moral Philosophy at St. Andrew's. |
|
p.356-2 |
A writer in the 'Edinburgh Review' (July, 1859)
observes that "the Duke's talents seem never to have developed
themselves until some active and practical field for their display
was placed immediately before him. He was long described by
his Spartan mother, who thought him a dunce, as only 'food for
powder.' He gained no sort of distinction, either at Eton or
at the French Military College of Angers." It is not
improbable that a competitive examination, at this day, might have
excluded him from the army. |
|
p.357 |
Correspondent of 'The Times,' 11th June, 1863. |
|
p.392 |
Robertson's 'Life and Letters,' i. |
|
p.400 |
On the 11th January, 1866. |
|
p.406 |
Ed.—there are many accounts on the Internet of
the sinking of H.M.S. Birkenhead in addition to that offered by
Wikipedia. |
|
p.408 |
Brown's 'Horæ Subsecivæ.' |
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